David R. Liu
A chemical biologist whose laboratory developed base editing and prime editing. These approaches offer ways to alter DNA sequences without relying on conventional double-strand-break editing.
Harry B. Gray · background · research
Harry B. Gray · Electron transfer in proteins
A bioinorganic chemist who investigates metals and electron movement in biological molecules. His work with collaborators helped explain long-range electron transfer through proteins.
Current nomination records are confidential for 50 years. An expert recommendation or a market listing does not establish an official nomination.
Contribution
Proteins can transfer electrons between sites separated in space. Distance, molecular structure and environment affect the transfer rate, helping explain biological energy conversion. Electron transfer is a specific molecular process, not simply current flowing through a miniature metal wire.
Evidence
Citation Laureates identifies influential research. Recognition is not a prediction of a Nobel winner in a particular year.
Sources
Related reading
Ralph G. Nuzzo
A materials chemist who helped develop self-assembled monolayers. These molecular films allow researchers to control the chemistry of surfaces and interfaces.
Base editing and prime editing
Base editing changes particular DNA base pairs using targeted molecular machinery; prime editing uses a different design to write sequence changes. Neither should be described as unrestricted or error-free editing. Delivery, unintended changes and the biological context still matter.
Self-assembled monolayers
Self-assembled monolayers form when molecules organize into a thin layer on a surface. Their anchoring groups and outward-facing groups let researchers tune surface chemistry. A molecular coating is not the same as a bulk material with identical properties.
Electron transfer in proteins
Proteins can transfer electrons between sites separated in space. Distance, molecular structure and environment affect the transfer rate, helping explain biological energy conversion. Electron transfer is a specific molecular process, not simply current flowing through a miniature metal wire.